Description
Introduction
The law recognizes that a person suffering from a severe mental disorder may not be able to understand their actions. Section 84 IPC states that if a person, due to unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing what they are doing or that their act is wrong, they cannot be held criminally liable.
This provision ensures that people with severe mental illness are not punished for actions they cannot control, while also preventing misuse of the insanity defense.
Key Provisions of Section 84 IPC
1. The Person Must Be of Unsound Mind at the Time of the Offense
- The accused must have been mentally ill at the exact moment they committed the act.
- Example: A schizophrenic person, experiencing hallucinations, attacks someone thinking they are a monster.
2. The Person Must Be Incapable of Understanding Their Act
- They must have been unable to know what they were doing or that it was illegal.
- Example: A man suffering from severe paranoia pushes someone off a bridge, believing they are a threat.
3. The Burden of Proof Lies on the Accused
- The person claiming insanity must prove it with medical evidence.
- Example: A court may require psychiatric evaluations and witness testimony to determine mental illness.
4. Temporary Mental Disorder or Intoxication Is Not a Defense
- If the accused knew their actions were wrong, even if they had a mental condition, they are still liable.
- Example: A person with depression who plans and commits a crime is still guilty.
Punishment
Punishment Under Section 84 IPC
- Section 84 itself does not prescribe punishment but provides a legal defense for those who are truly insane.
- If the court determines the person was not insane, they may be punished under:
- Section 302 IPC (Murder) – Death Penalty or Life Imprisonment.
- Section 307 IPC (Attempt to Murder) – Up to Life Imprisonment.
- Section 325 IPC (Grievous Hurt) – Up to 7 Years Imprisonment.
- If the person is found insane but dangerous, they may be sent to a mental institution instead of prison.
